Overview

The Order-to-Cash process domain describes the collection of processes a company has implemented between the receipt of an order and the receipt of payment (cash). The span of processes involved depends on the supply chain configuration and process strategy*.

  • Make-to-Stock supply chains
  • Make-to-Order, Configure-to-Order, and Assemble-to-Order supply chains
  • Reverse Logistics supply chains

The configuration of the supply chain (i.e. the number of successive locations) with Deliver-to-Order, Make-to-Order, Source-to-Order processes, determines the actual processes included in the Order-to-Cash cycle.

Alternative names include: Order-To-Remittance cycle

* The processes listed are incomplete as the final step in the Order-to-Cash process is the actual collection of funds. This process is a Financial (Treasury) process outside the scope of Order-to-Cash.

Source: Order-to-Cash

E2E Business Scenarios

Cluster: Sales of goods

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Sales of goods from stock

The Sales of goods from stock scenario covers processes related to the sale of goods from a warehouse. The goods are typically purchased (trading goods) or already produced by own serial production in accordance with the make-to-stock model.

A very important process in the scenario is goods availability check that you can do during sales order processing. This way you can track goods available in stock and goods that are expected to be delivered under confirmed purchase orders or released production orders/stages.

The backorder process helps to tackle the stock-out cases and find out current reservations under other types of orders.

The sales process can be rearranged. To speed it up, the scenario can be simplified and several sequenced processes can be performed as a single process. The scenario duration depends on industry-specific or company-specific requirements. Different types of goods can cause different lead times between order processing and final fulfillment of sales.

O2C Sales of goods manufactured to order (Make-to-order)

The sales of goods manufactured to order scenario for the make-to-order production model covers the process of sales of goods, which are only produced after order placement. It initiates the manufacturing process in production.

A production order is created based on the sales order. Once the sales order is confirmed by the customer, the production order planning and fulfillment are initiated. That is why it's so important to check production capability to verify if it is enough to produce the required quantity at the required date.

You can also apply the scenario for products that are produced to customer-specific requirements.

O2C Sales of goods assembled to order (Assemble-to-order)

The sales of goods assembled to order scenario for the assemble-to-order production model covers the process of sales of goods, which are assembled and slightly customized to customer requirements. It initiates the assembly process in production.

The scenario is applied for goods that can be easily customized (additional options and variants of the standard product) for customers' requirements. Most assembled products consist of common materials and components.

To confirm that a customer order can be fulfilled, make sure you check the material availability. This check verifies if the materials and components to assemble are available in the requested quantity and date.

This scenario focuses more on the availability of materials and components rather than on any production capacities.

Cluster: Sales of services

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Sales of standard services

The sale of services scenario is related to rendering standard services, which are not related to the main activity of the company.

The main difference from the sale of work produced is that the production cost for the service item won't be calculated within the period-end closing procedures.

Typically, this scenario is used for the sale of after-sales services, transport services, and other additional services related to the sale of goods.

O2C Sales of one-off services

The sale of one-off services scenario is related to rendering non-operational services, which are related to the financial or investing activities of the company.

The expenses related to the sale is specified manually in the moment of the transaction posting.

Typically, this scenario is used for the sale of financial services, as well as not-standard cases of various incomes.

Cluster: Outsourcing

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Sales of procurement services

The Sales of procurement services scenario defines the process flow of organizing the goods purchase process according to the required customer order specification and subsequent goods transfer to the customer's warehouse.

According to the scenario, the customer places an order to the company for the goods with a predetermined price and a delivery time.

The company organizes placement of a purchase order, receives goods from the vendor, and transfers these goods to the customer.

Based on the purchase results for the reporting period, the company informs the customer about the purchases made. At the same time, the company issues an invoice for the services rendered.

Cluster: Sales through our warehouse

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Sales of goods through our warehouse (Purchase-to-order)

The "Sales of goods through our warehouse (Purchase-to-order)" scenario describes the sale of third-party products through the organization's warehouse. You can use this scenario with the "Purchase-to-order (sales through our warehouse)" scenario. Firstly, a customer places a sales order, then the purchase order is placed for these goods to the vendor, then the goods are received to the organization's warehouse. After that, the goods must be delivered to the customer within the referenced sales order. This scenario is often used when it is not possible or desirable to deliver goods from the vendor directly to the customer. This scenario is preferable for some companies because of the higher level of control over the supply chain. The scenario is quite often adopted by manufacturers who trade their own products and try to complement their own portfolio with the vendor's products.

Cluster: Customer complaints and goods return 

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Customer complaints without goods return

The customer complaints with compensation scenario includes a process flow that deals with consumer complaints relevant to sales disputes and resolved by a partial compensation or discount, without physical return of products to the customer.

Complaints that do not require physical return of products are mainly related to disputes around sales prices, terms, and delivery conditions.

In rare cases, there may also be disputes about the quality of products or services that do not meet the requirements of buyers, but the consumer can use the goods if the sale price of the goods is reduced.

O2C Customer complaints with goods return

The customer complaints with goods return scenario includes a process flow that deals with consumer complaints relevant to sales disputes and resolved by physical return of goods to the customer.

Complaints that require physical return of products are mainly related to disputes around delivery that do not meet the confirmed product specification and quantity.

In rare cases, there may also be disputes about the delivery timing and goods damages that took place during transportation to the customer.

This type of complaint initiates the physical return of products by the customer. Further processing, including a credit note issue, depends on the inspection results of the returned products.

O2C Provided returnable packaging

The provided returnable packaging scenario covers the provision of packaging to consumers during the sale of products, as well as control of its pick-up or redemption.

This scenario applies to those packaging units that are valuable and reusable.

The scenario additionally covers deposit conditions when customers pay a cash deposit for the provided packaging units.

Within the scenario the packaging units held by the customer are monitored, the pick-up of packaging units is organized.

Often, under the contract terms, it is possible to redeem returnable packaging. For this case, the price of the main product is increased by the price of the packaging unit triggering the debit note issue, or an additional packaging item is added to the sales order and another invoice for the redeeming packaging is issued.

Cluster: Intercompany sales

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Intercompany sales

The intercompany sales scenario includes a processes chain for effective interaction between the group companies to work with customers from the entire commercial or industrial group of companies. This scheme is well-suited for well-structured and closely interacting groups of companies, as well as for those where the group's processes are not clearly formalized due insufficient reorganization or remote teams. Even in this case, the group of companies will be able to work in the system as a single enterprise.

Following the scenario, at first, a sales order is placed by the selling company. This order is immediately included in a supply requirement. If goods are not available now, a purchase order to an external vendor, a production order, or a transfer order can be placed. After the goods are available at the shipment warehouse, no matter on whose balance of the group company the goods are, the goods are directly delivered to the customer on behalf of the selling company, and the invoice of the selling company is created and sent to the customer. After that, an intercompany invoice is created and processed.

It is more correct to coordinate all intercompany sales schemes in advance, sign necessary intercompany contracts, and set up the scheme in the system. It also makes sense to regularly monitor intercompany sales to understand for which trade flows the intercompany scheme has not been established yet.

O2C Consignment sales via intercompany

The сonsignment sales via intercompany scenario defines the process flow for providing a product to another company for resale to a third party.

Within the scenario, company A provides goods to company B for sale. The goods belong to company A until they are sold to a third party.

Based on the sales results for the reporting period, company B prepares a сonsignment sales notification and sends it to company A.

Company B issues an invoice for agent services.

If the goods are not sold within the agreed time frame, the goods are picked up by Company A.

Cluster: Consignment and VMI sales

E2E Business ScenarioOverview
O2C Consignment sales

The consignment sales scenario defines the process flow related to provision of goods to the customer for subsequent sale to third parties.

In rare cases, the goods may be consumed by the customer. This option is the O2C Sales via vendor-managed inventory scenario alternative.

The consignment sales scenario begins with filling up the customer's warehouse with our goods. The ownership of the consignment stock remains on the company side until the goods are sold or consumed.

The contract usually specifies how frequent consignment goods sales notifications shall be sent. Based on the consumption information received from the customer, actual sales are recognized and invoiced.

The customer normally monitors stock levels and initiates replenishment.

O2C Sales via agent

The sales via agent scenario defines the processes flow related to provision of goods to the agent warehouse for subsequent sale to third parties on behalf of the company.

This scenario is the O2C Consignment sales scenario alternative.

The scenario begins with filling up the customer's warehouse with our goods. The ownership of the consignment stock remains on the company side until the goods are sold or consumed.

The customer is authorized to sell and issue an invoice on behalf of the company. Based on the information received from the customer, actual sales are recorded in the system.

Customers usually monitor stock levels and initiate replenishment.

O2C Sales via vendor-managed inventory

The sales via vendor-managed inventory (VMI sales) includes the process flow related to outsourcing inventory management functions from customer to the vendor (the considering company).

The vendor solely defines and fills up the customer's warehouse with its own goods. The customer, in turn, consumes these goods for its own needs, most often for manufacturing.

In rare cases, depending on the terms of a VMI sales contract with the customer, the goods may be sold to a third party. In this case, this scenario is a type of the O2C Consignment sales scenario.

In the VMI sales scenario, the company regularly tracks VMI, material consumption, and replenishment initiation. This scenario implementation requires tight integration with the customer's information systems as well as regular and consistent information exchange.

O2C Pick up stock held by customer

The pick up stock held by customer scenario defines the process flow required to physically move company's goods from the customer warehouse back to the company's warehouse.

The scenario is applied if the customer hasn't sold or consumed the goods within the agreed time frame.

You can initiate the pick up stock held by customer scenario from the VMI sales, Consignment sales, and External subcontracting scenarios.

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